Multiple Sclerosis Related Research Tools
Multiple sclerosis (MS), characterized by a proinflammatory and neurodegenerative process, is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that results in neuroaxonal damage. There are several types of MS, including Benign MS, Relapsing-Remitting MS (RRMS), Secondary Progressive MS (SPMS), Primary-Progressive MS (PPMS), and Malignant MS. Clinical expressions of MS vary depending on the locations of affected nerve fibers, but the most common symptoms are sensory loss, motor spinal cord symptoms, autonomic spinal cord symptoms, cerebellar symptoms, optic neuritis, trigeminal neuralgia, etc. Epidemiological data indicate that both genetic and environmental factors are important for the etiology of MS. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is one of the most widely used models of MS. Besides, Theiler's murine encephalitis virus-induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD) has been intensively used as a model for human demyelinating diseases, including MS. Demyelination induced in mice with a copper chelator cuprizone is also an important tool for MS studies.
Fig.1 B-cell mediated inflammatory pathway in MS.
B cells are important in MS because of their efficient antigen-presenting abilities. They produce cytokines that can change the microenvironment and mediate the negative effects through astrocyte populations, and they produce antibodies with potential roles in targeting ectopic lymphoid follicle like aggregates that persist long term in the brains of MS patients. The understanding of the role of B cells in MS presents opportunities for developing effective therapies. Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) utilized in the treatment of MS and their molecular targets are shown in Fig.2.
Fig.2 Therapeutic mAbs utilized in the treatment of MS and their molecular targets. (Dubey, 2015)
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Summary of Popular Targets in Multiple Sclerosis
CD20 | CD6 |
CD52 | Muscarinic type 3 receptor (M3R) |
CD25 | IL-6R |
α4-integrin | C5 complement protein |
VCAM1 | VLA-2 |
TLR9 | IL-17A |
Leucine-rich repeat and immunoglobulin domain-containing neurite outgrowth inhibitor receptor-interacting protein-1 (LINGO-1) | |
Sphingosine-1-phosphate 1/5 receptors |
Reference
- Dubey, D.; et al. Clinical management of multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica with therapeutic monoclonal antibodies: approved therapies and emerging candidates. Expert review of clinical immunology. 2015, 11(1): 93-108.
Target
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- Host Species:
- Mouse
- Species Reactivity:
- Mouse; Rat; Human
- Applications:
- WB; IP; IF; ELISA
- Conjugation:
- Unconjugated; APC; PE; HRP; Biotin; FITC; Alexa Fluor 488; Alexa Fluor 700; Alexa Fluor 647; Alexa Fluor 750; Alexa Fluor 594; Alexa Fluor 350; Alexa Fluor 2374
- NeuroMab™ Anti-GARP Antibody(NRP-0422-P1639) (Cat#: NRP-0422-P1639)
- NeuroMab™ Anti-Tau Antibody(NRP-0422-P1684) (Cat#: NRP-0422-P1684)
- NeuroMab™ Anti-GD2 Antibody(NRZP-1222-ZP767) (Cat#: NRZP-1222-ZP767)
- NeuroMab™ Anti-Tau Antibody(NRP-0422-P2293) (Cat#: NRP-0422-P2293)
- NeuroMab™ Anti-Alpha Synuclein Antibody(NRP-0422-P614) (Cat#: NRP-0422-P614)
- NeuroMab™ Anti-PVRIG Antibody(NRP-0422-P515) (Cat#: NRP-0422-P515)
- NeuroMab™ Anti-PVRIG Antibody(NRP-0422-P1803) (Cat#: NRP-0422-P1803)
- NeuroMab™ Anti-pTau Antibody(NRP-0422-P1719) (Cat#: NRP-0422-P1719)
- Mouse Anti-SCN5A Monoclonal Antibody (CBP708) (Cat#: NAB-0720-Z2720)
- NeuroMab™ Anti-ApoC3 BBB Shuttle Antibody(NRZP-1022-ZP3503) (Cat#: NRZP-1022-ZP3503)
- Human Microglia Cell Line HMC3, Immortalized (Cat#: NCL-2108P38)
- iNeu™ Human Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons (Cat#: NCL-21P6-003)
- Rat Schwann Cells RSC96, Immortalized (Cat#: NCL-2108P21)
- iNeu™ Human Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells (OPCs) (Cat#: NCL-2103-P49)
- Mouse Microglia N9 (Cat#: NCL2110P073)
- Mouse Microglia Cell Line BV-2, Immortalized (Cat#: NCL2110P153)
- Rat Microglia Cell Line HAPI, Immortalized (Cat#: NCL2110P015)
- Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells (Cat#: NCL-2103-P133)
- Green Fluorescent Alpha-synuclein SH-SY5Y Cell Line (Cat#: NCL2110P209)
- Human Astrocytes (Cat#: NCC20-9PZ01)
- Human Poly ADP ribose polymerase,PARP Assay Kit (Cat#: NRZP-1122-ZP62)
- Beta Amyloid (1-40), Aggregation Kit, TTF Assay (Cat#: NRZP-0323-ZP199)
- Alpha-Synuclein Aggregation Assay Kit (Cat#: NRZP-1122-ZP37)
- Beta Amyloid (1-42), Aggregation Kit (Cat#: NRZP-0323-ZP200)
- Human GFAP ELISA Kit [Colorimetric] (Cat#: NPP2011ZP383)
- Amyloid beta 1-42 Kit (Cat#: NRP-0322-P2170)
- Human Tau Aggregation Kit (Cat#: NRP-0322-P2173)
- Alpha Synuclein Aggregation Kit (Cat#: NRZP-1122-ZP15)
- pAAV-EF1a-DIO-EGFP-WPRE (Cat#: NTA-2012AD-P285)
- AAV2/9-hEF1a-fDIO-eNpHR 3.0-mCherry-WPRE-pA (Cat#: NTA-2012-ZP78)
- Dextran, Cy5 Labeled, 2000 kDa (Cat#: NRZP-0722-ZP22)
- AAV2/2Retro-CAG-DIO-EGFP-2A-TetTox-pA [Neural Tracing] (Cat#: NTA-2012-ZP303)
- pAAV-syn-jGCaMP8f-WPRE (Cat#: NTA-2106-P061)
- AAV-EF1a-mCherry-flex-dtA (Cat#: NRZP-0622-ZP616)
- PRV-CAG-EGFP (Cat#: NTA-2011-ZP14)
- rAAV-CAG-DIO-G-Flamp1 (Cat#: NRZP-0722-ZP719)
- AAV2 Full Capsids, Reference Standards (Cat#: NTC2101070CR)
- Dextran-FITC (Cat#: NTA-2011-ZP110)
- App Rat amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein (App)(NM_019288) ORF clone, Untagged (Cat#: NEP-0421-R0053)
- Lenti of Mouse synuclein, alpha (Snca) transcript variant (NM_001042451) ORF clone, mGFP Tagged (Cat#: NEP-0521-R0864)
- Human huntingtin-associated protein 1 (HAP1) transcript variant 2 (NM_177977) ORF clone, Myc-DDK Tagged (Cat#: NEP-0521-R0676)
- Rat Parkinson disease (autosomal recessive, juvenile) 2, parkin (Park2) (NM_020093) ORF clone/lentiviral particle, Myc-DDK Tagged (Cat#: NEP-0621-R0041)
- Human superoxide dismutase 3, extracellular (SOD3) (NM_003102) ORF clone, Untagged (Cat#: NEP-0521-R0808)
- Human huntingtin (HTT) (NM_002111) ORF clone, Myc-DDK Tagged (Cat#: NEP-0521-R0497)
- Mouse Parkinson disease (autosomal recessive, early onset) 7 (Park7) (NM_020569) clone, Untagged (Cat#: NEP-0621-R0133)
- Mouse SOD1 shRNA Silencing Adenovirus (Cat#: NV-2106-P14)
- Human superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (SOD1) (NM_000454) ORF clone, TurboGFP Tagged (Cat#: NEP-0521-R0748)
- ABCA1 Antisense Oligonucleotide (NV-2106-P27) (Cat#: NV-2106-P27)
- NeuroBiologics™ Human Cerebrospinal Fluid (Cat#: NRZP-0822-ZP491)
- NeuroBiologics™ Mouse Cerebrospinal Fluid (Cat#: NRZP-0822-ZP497)
- NeuroBiologics™ Pig Cerebrospinal Fluid (Cat#: NRZP-0822-ZP498)
- NeuroBiologics™ Monkey Cerebrospinal Fluid (Cat#: NRZP-0822-ZP495)
- NeuroBiologics™ Rat Cerebrospinal Fluid (Cat#: NRZP-0822-ZP496)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-EPO BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP508)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-idursulfase BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP497)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-TNFR BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP501)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-GDNF BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP509)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-GDNF BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP500)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-IDUA BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP498)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-PON1 BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP507)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-IDUA BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP502)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-Erythropoietin BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP499)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-ASA BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP504)