Parkinson's Disease Related Research Tools

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder. Pathologically, PD is characterized by the presence of abnormal intra-neuronal aggregates of α-synuclein (SNCA). SNCA is central to the pathogenesis of PD, as is highlighted by the fact that rare SNCA mutations, duplications, or triplications cause autosomal dominant familial PD. The etiology of idiopathic PD is multifactorial, likely arising from a combination of polygenic inheritance, environmental exposures, and gene-environment interactions. The current medical management of PD aims at controlling signs and symptoms as long as possible while minimizing adverse effects. Most of them are targeting at supplementation of dopamine to the brain to alleviate motor dysfunction caused by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal system.

Numerous potential therapies for PD are at various stages of preclinical and clinical testing. These agents target many aspects of PD pathogenesis. Several basic pathophysiological pathways are depicted in Fig.1, including those that lead to Lewy bodies, and those involving inflammatory factors, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress.

Fig.1 Mechanisms of potential therapies for PD. (Elkouzi, 2019)

Genetic-based targeted therapies currently being tested in PD patients focus on SNCA, glucocerebrosidase (GBA), and leucine-rich repeat kinase (LRRK2). Multiple lines of evidence support a pivotal role of SNCA in PD pathogenesis. The presence of aggregated α-synuclein in specific brain regions suggests a central role for this protein in sporadic disorder. Heterozygous GBA mutations increase the risk of developing PD and other synucleinopathies. GBA mutations are the most frequent genetic risk factors for PD identified to date, with 7% to 10% of PD patients carrying at least 1 of approximately 300 reported GBA mutations. LRRK2 interacts with many key proteins implicated in PD, suggesting that LRRK2 may be a central player in the pathways underlying disease pathogenesis. The current leading hypothesis shows that increased kinase activity by LRRK2 mutations is responsible for PD. The popular targets in PD researches are listed below:

SNCA	GBA	PINK1	LRRK2
CYP2D6	PRKN	VPS35	PARK7

Creative Biolabs offers comprehensive products as well as high-quality customized services for various targets involved in the signaling pathway for PD research. For any customized services or products, please feel free to contact us for more information.

Reference

Elkouzi, A.; et al. Emerging therapies in Parkinson's disease-Repurposed drugs and new approaches. Nature Reviews Neurology. 2019, 15(4): 204-223.

Parkinson's Disease Assay Service

For Research Use Only. Not For Clinical Use.

Target

M3 Muscarinic Receptor

PARK7

CGRP

TRPM7

CTNNB1

Profilin 1

Ubiquitin (linkage-specific L63)

Notch 1

SNAP-25

VPS35

Nitro tyrosine

DRP1

PINK1

GDNF

VWF

PAX5

MYT1

PON3

HTRA2

Glutathione Synthetase

CREST

CD4

Ctip2

Synaptophysin

Mitofusin 2

GRP75

Beta Synuclein

CD339

SOD

FABP3

TARDBP

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