Endocytosis
What is Endocytosis?
The exchange of ions and molecules between neurons and their surroundings, which is the basis of signal transduction and various physiological activities, is realized through transmembrane and non-transmembrane cellular transportation. The non-transmembrane transportation is subdivided into exocytosis and endocytosis.
Endocytosis is a cellular process by which cells transfer materials that are too large to cross through the membrane lipid bilayer directly into cells, commonly like antibodies, microorganisms, and cell debris. When macromolecules are bound to the cell membrane surface, the local cell membrane invaginates and forms a small capsule surrounding macromolecules. Then the capsule that contains the macromolecules detaches from the cell membrane and forms a vesicle, entering the cell. Endocytosis is an important way for cells to obtain macromolecules and granules from the outside of the cell, which is closely related to a variety of biological processes, such as immune response, signal transduction, neurotransmitter transportation, cell and tissue metabolism balance.
Fig.1 The different types of endocytosis.
Endocytosis Pathways
According to the different substances and mechanisms, endocytosis is generally divided into three types: phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis.
- Phagocytosis, or figuratively known as cell eating, is the process by which a cell internalizes large particles larger than 0.75 μm in diameter. In mammals, not only is phagocytosis a way for cells to obtain nutrients, but it is also an important way for the immune defense and immune balance. Some specialized phagocytes, such as macrophages and neutrophils, can ingest and destroy infected bacteria, viruses, damaged and aging cells through phagocytosis.
- Pinocytosis, or referred as to cellular drinking, is a process that cells uptake the extracellular fluid or fat droplet. Pinocytosis usually occurs in highly ruffled regions of the plasma membrane where the local plasma membrane sinks to form a small nest to surround the droplet, and then pinches off from the plasma membrane to form vesicles and enters the cells.
- Receptor-mediated endocytosis, a specialized type of pinocytosis, is a process by which cells specifically internalize or take up extracellular proteins or other compounds depending on receptors on the cell surface. This is the main pathway for uptake of biological macromolecules, including neurotransmitters, functional proteins, hormones, lymphokines, and so forth.
Fig.2 Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, Receptor-mediated endocytosis.
Key Regulatory Factors of Endocytosis
Receptor-mediated endocytosis, also known as clathrin-mediated endocytosis, is the major endocytosis pathway, which plays an important role in intercellular signaling transduction, cell-extracellular protein extracellular proteins, and cellular homeostasis. As such an important biological pathway, it is strictly regulated by various factors, which mainly includes:
Clathrin and clathrin-adaptors
In the process of endocytosis, clathrin protein preferentially binds to the binding site of the cytoplasmic surface on the plasma membrane to participate in the formation of vesicles. Clathrin-adaptors, are vesicular transport adaptor proteins that bind clathrin to the adaptor complex on the surface of coated vesicles, playing important roles in the integration and transmission of intracellular signals.
Dynamin is a kind of GTPase aggregating in the neck of the endocytic vesicle, forming a helical polymer. During the endocytosis, it is mainly responsible for cutting the newly formed vesicles from the membrane of one cell compartment by hydrolysis of GTP.
Neuroligins are a group of alternatively spliced transmembrane proteins distributing in the postsynaptic membranes. Through transsynaptic interactions with the neurexins, neuroligins are involved in the formation and consolidation of synapses between two neurons.
Synaptojanin is a family of proteins playing key roles in the uncoating and recovery of synaptic vesicles during the endocytosis in neurons, the possible mechanism of which is considered to be related to attracting the clathrin, associating with the vesicle coating.
Creative Biolabs here provides a wide range of off-the-shelf products for different neurosecretion research. Please feel free to contact us if you are interested or have any questions.
- iNeuMab™ Mouse Anti-EFNB2 Monoclonal Antibody (CBP1159) (Cat#: NAB-0720-Z4396)
- NeuroMab™ Anti-TREM2 BBB Shuttle Antibody(NRZP-1022-ZP4114) (Cat#: NRZP-1022-ZP4114)
- NeuroMab™ Anti-CD20 Antibody(NRP-0422-P1230) (Cat#: NRP-0422-P1230)
- NeuroMab™ Anti-Tau Antibody(NRP-0422-P2275) (Cat#: NRP-0422-P2275)
- NeuroMab™ Anti-GARP Antibody(NRP-0422-P1639) (Cat#: NRP-0422-P1639)
- iNeuMab™ Mouse Anti-SHANK3 Monoclonal Antibody (CBP929) (Cat#: NAB-0720-Z3477)
- NeuroMab™ Anti-Tau Antibody(NRP-0422-P2293) (Cat#: NRP-0422-P2293)
- NeuroMab™ Anti-Tau Antibody(NRP-0422-P1760) (Cat#: NRP-0422-P1760)
- NeuroMab™ Anti-Alpha Synuclein Antibody(NRP-0422-P614) (Cat#: NRP-0422-P614)
- NeuroMab™ Anti-CD32b Antibody(NRP-0422-P1803) (Cat#: NRP-0422-P1803)
- Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells (Cat#: NRZP-1122-ZP113)
- Mouse Glioma Cell Line GL261-GFP (Cat#: NCL-2108P04)
- Human Retinal Epithelial Cell ARPE-19 (Cat#: NCL2110P069)
- Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells (Cat#: NCL2110P145)
- Rat Microglia Cell Line HAPI, Immortalized (Cat#: NCL2110P015)
- Rat Immortalized Retinal Muller Cell Line rMC-1 (Cat#: NCL-2106-S93)
- Mouse Microglia from C57BL/6 (Cat#: NCL-21P6-082)
- Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells (Cat#: NCL-2103-P133)
- Rat Glioma Cell Line C6 (Cat#: NCL2110P346)
- Human Glial (Oligodendrocytic) Hybrid Cell Line (MO3.13) (Cat#: NCL-2108P34)
- Beta Amyloid (1-40), Aggregation Kit (Cat#: NRZP-0323-ZP199)
- Alpha Synuclein Aggregation Kit (Cat#: NRZP-1122-ZP15)
- Beta Amyloid (1-42), Aggregation Kit (Cat#: NRZP-0323-ZP200)
- Alpha-Synuclein Aggregation Assay Kit (Cat#: NRZP-1122-ZP37)
- Human GFAP ELISA Kit [Colorimetric] (Cat#: NPP2011ZP383)
- Human Tau Aggregation Kit (Cat#: NRP-0322-P2173)
- Amyloid beta 1-42 Kit (Cat#: NRP-0322-P2170)
- Human Poly ADP ribose polymerase,PARP Assay Kit (Cat#: NRZP-1122-ZP62)
- pAAV-syn-FLEX-jGCaMP8m-WPRE (Cat#: NTA-2106-P065)
- VSV-eGFP (Cat#: NTA-2011-ZP20)
- rAAV-E-SARE-Cre-ERT2-PEST-WPRE-hGH polyA (Cat#: NTA-2010-TT342)
- pAAV-hSyn-DIO-XCaMP-R-WPRE (Cat#: NTA-2012AD-P508)
- AAV2/9-hEF1a-fDIO-eNpHR 3.0-mCherry-WPRE-pA (Cat#: NTA-2012-ZP78)
- Dextran-FITC (Cat#: NTA-2011-ZP110)
- pAAV-syn-FLEX-jGCaMP8s-WPRE (Cat#: NTA-2106-P066)
- AAV2 Full Capsids, Reference Standards (Cat#: NTC2101070CR)
- Dextran, Cy5 Labeled, 2000 kDa (Cat#: NRZP-0722-ZP22)
- pAAV-syn-jGCaMP8s-WPRE (Cat#: NTA-2106-P063)
- Human superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (SOD1) (NM_000454) ORF clone, TurboGFP Tagged (Cat#: NEP-0521-R0748)
- Human apolipoprotein E (APOE) (NM_000041) ORF clone, Untagged (Cat#: NEP-0421-R0232)
- Rat Parkinson disease (autosomal recessive, juvenile) 2, parkin (Park2) (NM_020093) ORF clone/lentiviral particle, Myc-DDK Tagged (Cat#: NEP-0621-R0041)
- Human huntingtin (HTT) (NM_002111) ORF clone, Myc-DDK Tagged (Cat#: NEP-0521-R0497)
- Human huntingtin-associated protein 1 (HAP1) transcript variant 2 (NM_177977) ORF clone, Myc-DDK Tagged (Cat#: NEP-0521-R0676)
- ABCA1 Antisense Oligonucleotide (NV-2106-P27) (Cat#: NV-2106-P27)
- Tau Antisense Oligonucleotide (IONIS-MAPTRx) (Cat#: NV-2106-P29)
- Lenti of Mouse synuclein, alpha (Snca) transcript variant (NM_001042451) ORF clone, mGFP Tagged (Cat#: NEP-0521-R0864)
- Mouse Parkinson disease (autosomal recessive, early onset) 7 (Park7) (NM_020569) clone, Untagged (Cat#: NEP-0621-R0133)
- Human superoxide dismutase 3, extracellular (SOD3) (NM_003102) ORF clone, Untagged (Cat#: NEP-0521-R0808)
- NeuroBiologics™ Pig Cerebrospinal Fluid (Cat#: NRZP-0822-ZP498)
- NeuroBiologics™ Monkey Cerebrospinal Fluid (Cat#: NRZP-0822-ZP495)
- NeuroBiologics™ Human Cerebrospinal Fluid (Cat#: NRZP-0822-ZP491)
- NeuroBiologics™ Rat Cerebrospinal Fluid (Cat#: NRZP-0822-ZP496)
- NeuroBiologics™ Mouse Cerebrospinal Fluid (Cat#: NRZP-0822-ZP497)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-TNFR BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP510)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-EPO BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP508)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-PON1 BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP507)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-IDUA BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP498)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-IDUA BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP502)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-IDS BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP503)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-NAGLU BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP506)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-GDNF BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP509)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-ASA BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP504)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-GDNF BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP500)