Photolysis of Caged Glutamate for Use in the Central Nervous System (CNS)
Glutamate As a Neurotransmitter
The nervous system involves in the regulation and controlling of various physiological activities through neural signals. Generally, neural signals are divided into electrical signals and chemical signals, of which electrical signals are transmitted to neurons in the form of action potentials, whereas chemical signals are transmitted between neurons in the form of neurotransmitters. Until now, a variety of neurotransmitters have been identified, which are categorized into excitatory neurotransmitters and inhibitory neurotransmitters according to their physiological functions. And based on the chemical structures, neurotransmitters mainly include choline, monoamines, amino acids, neuropeptides.
Glutamate, the ionic form of glutamic acid, is a kind of amino acid neurotransmitter, which is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. As a nonessential amino acid, glutamate is critical to protein synthesis and metabolism in organisms, playing important roles in the development of the brain, and other organs. As a neurotransmitter, glutamate has a role in synaptic plasticity by activating several receptors, such as AMPA receptors, NMDA receptors, and metabotropic glutamate receptors, widely involving in cognitive functions.
What is Caged Glutamate and Photolysis?
The concept of caged compounds was born in 1978, which refers to small biomolecules that are encapsulated into an inactive form by being bound to an inert compound (namely the “cage” moiety). Once exposed to irradiated light, the covalent bonds break, releasing small bioactive molecules to exert their functions, the process of which is named photolysis. Caged neurotransmitters, especially caged glutamates, are widely used for neuroscience research. Several caged glutamates have been synthesized and published, such as α-carboxy-ortho-nitrobenzyl glutamate (CNB-Glu), bromo-hydroxycoumarin (Bhc-Glu), and 4-methoxy-7-nitroindolinyl glutamate (MNI-Glu).
Photolysis of Caged Glutamates for Neurological Research
- Photolysis of caged glutamates for modeling in vitro
- Photolysis of caged glutamates for synaptic plasticity research
- Photolysis of caged glutamates for other related neurological studies
It has been demonstrated that caged glutamate could induce seizure discharge in the hippocampal neurons once photolysis by ultraviolet light. This can be used for in vitro epilepsy modeling for further exploration of the molecular pathogenesis of seizures.
The repeated photoactivation of clavicular glutamate around a single dendritic spine resulted in an increased current on the dendrite, and a continuous increase in the volume of the dendritic spine. This confirmed the synaptic plasticity at the level of single dendritic spines through photolysis of caged glutamate.
Photolysis of caged glutamates also has been applied for study on signal integration mechanism of dendrites, glutamate receptor mapping, transmitter dynamics, local neuronal functions, and so forth.
Fig.1 Uncaging caged glutamate at single spines evokes uncaging (u) EPSPs.1
Creative Biolabs has developed a comprehensive platform to provided convenient and high-quality neuroproteomics solutions and related technical services for global clients. Please do not hesitate to contact us for detailed information.
Reference
- Mitchell, D.E.; et al. Probing single synapses via the photolytic release of neurotransmitters. Frontiers in Synaptic Neuroscience. 2019, 11: 19. Distributed under Open Access license CC BY 4.0, without modification.
- iNeuMab™ Anti-TREM2 Antibody (NRP-0422-P792) (Cat#: NRP-0422-P792)
- iNeuMab™ Anti-Alpha Synuclein BBB Shuttle Antibody (NRZP-1022-ZP4050) (Cat#: NRZP-1022-ZP4050)
- iNeuMab™ Anti-ApoC3 BBB Shuttle Antibody (NRZP-1022-ZP3505) (Cat#: NRZP-1022-ZP3505)
- Mouse Anti-SCN5A Monoclonal Antibody (CBP708) (Cat#: NAB-0720-Z2720)
- iNeuMab™ Anti-Amyloid Beta 1-15 Antibody (NRP-0422-P867) (Cat#: NRP-0422-P867)
- iNeuMab™ Anti-pTau Antibody (NRP-0422-P1719) (Cat#: NRP-0422-P1719)
- iNeuMab™ Anti-F-Spondin/SPON1 Antibody, Clone 3F4 (Cat#: NRZP-0822-ZP4740)
- iNeuMab™ Mouse Anti-SHANK3 Monoclonal Antibody (CBP929) (Cat#: NAB-0720-Z3477)
- iNeuMab™ Anti-Tau Antibody (NRP-0422-P2275) (Cat#: NRP-0422-P2275)
- iNeuMab™ Anti-Tau Antibody (NRP-0422-P1684) (Cat#: NRP-0422-P1684)
- Mouse Midbrain Dopaminergic Neuron Cell MN9D (Cat#: NCL2110P059)
- iNeu™ Human Sensory Neurons (Cat#: NCL-2103-P62)
- Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cell Line RGC-5 (Cat#: NCL2110P154)
- Human Astrocytes, Immortalized (Cat#: NCL-2105-P182-AM)
- Green Fluorescent BACE1 Cell Lines (Cat#: NCL2110P214)
- Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells (Cat#: NRZP-1122-ZP113)
- Human Astrocytes (Cat#: NCC20-9PZ01)
- Immortalized Human Cerebral Microvascular Endothelial Cells (Cat#: NCL-2108-P020)
- Human Microglia Cell Line HMC3, Immortalized (Cat#: NCL-2108P38)
- iNeu™ Human Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells (OPCs) (Cat#: NCL-2103-P49)
- Human Tau Aggregation Kit (Cat#: NRP-0322-P2173)
- Human Poly ADP ribose polymerase,PARP Assay Kit (Cat#: NRZP-1122-ZP62)
- Human GFAP ELISA Kit [Colorimetric] (Cat#: NPP2011ZP383)
- Alpha-Synuclein Aggregation Assay Kit (Cat#: NRZP-1122-ZP37)
- Beta Amyloid (1-40), Aggregation Kit (Cat#: NRZP-0323-ZP199)
- Amyloid beta 1-42 Kit (Cat#: NRP-0322-P2170)
- Alpha Synuclein Aggregation Kit (Cat#: NRZP-1122-ZP15)
- Beta Amyloid (1-42), Aggregation Kit (Cat#: NRZP-0323-ZP200)
- VSV-eGFP (Cat#: NTA-2011-ZP20)
- Dextran, NHS Activated (Cat#: NRZP-0722-ZP124)
- AAV2 Full Capsids, Reference Standards (Cat#: NTC2101070CR)
- Mouse Parkinson disease (autosomal recessive, early onset) 7 (Park7) (NM_020569) clone, Untagged (Cat#: NEP-0621-R0133)
- Human huntingtin (HTT) (NM_002111) ORF clone, Myc-DDK Tagged (Cat#: NEP-0521-R0497)
- Rat Parkinson disease (autosomal recessive, juvenile) 2, parkin (Park2) (NM_020093) ORF clone/lentiviral particle, Myc-DDK Tagged (Cat#: NEP-0621-R0041)
- Human superoxide dismutase 3, extracellular (SOD3) (NM_003102) ORF clone, Untagged (Cat#: NEP-0521-R0808)
- Human huntingtin-associated protein 1 (HAP1) transcript variant 2 (NM_177977) ORF clone, Myc-DDK Tagged (Cat#: NEP-0521-R0676)
- Human presenilin 1 (PSEN1), transcript variant 2 (NM_007318) ORF clone, TurboGFP Tagged (Cat#: NEP-0421-R0140)
- Lenti of Human TAR DNA binding protein (TARDBP) (NM_007375) ORF clone, mGFP Tagged (Cat#: NEP-0521-R0832)
- ABCA1 Antisense Oligonucleotide (NV-2106-P27) (Cat#: NV-2106-P27)
- Tau Antisense Oligonucleotide (IONIS-MAPTRx) (Cat#: NV-2106-P29)
- Human superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (SOD1) (NM_000454) ORF clone, TurboGFP Tagged (Cat#: NEP-0521-R0748)
- NeuroBiologics™ Human Cerebrospinal Fluid (Cat#: NRZP-0822-ZP491)
- NeuroBiologics™ Pig Cerebrospinal Fluid (Cat#: NRZP-0822-ZP498)
- NeuroBiologics™ Rat Cerebrospinal Fluid (Cat#: NRZP-0822-ZP496)
- NeuroBiologics™ Mouse Cerebrospinal Fluid (Cat#: NRZP-0822-ZP497)
- NeuroBiologics™ Monkey Cerebrospinal Fluid (Cat#: NRZP-0822-ZP495)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-EPO BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP508)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-PON1 BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP507)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-TNFR BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP501)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-TNFR BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP510)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-idursulfase BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP497)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-IDUA BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP502)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-Erythropoietin BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP499)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-GDNF BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP500)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-IDS BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP503)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-GDNF BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP509)