Neuroinflammation Antibodies
Cytokines mediate communication between cells and are involved in the activities of complex cell behaviors. Neuroinflammation is a prevalent sign of neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington's disease (HD). The neuroinflammatory response plays a significant role in the development of brain injury and is frequently accompanied by the release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines.
Central Nervous System (CNS) and Immune System
Astrocytes and microglia have key immunomodulatory activities in the CNS. In particular, microglia play an important role in sensing environmental changes, responding to noxious stimuli, and phagocytosing debris and apoptotic neurons. By exposing T cells to antigens, microglia also facilitate communication between the immune system and the central nervous system. Furthermore, microglia release soluble molecules that can either promote or inhibit neuroinflammation, just like astrocytes and neurons do.
Fig.1 Representative images of primary rat spinal cord cells, GFAP (astrocyte marker) and Iba1 (microglia marker). Images were acquired using Zeiss LSM 980.
Inflammatory Cytokines
Neuroinflammation, which is common in inflammatory demyelinating diseases (e.g., multiple sclerosis) and infections (bacterial and viral encephalitis), is characterized by leukocyte invasion of the CNS and disruption of the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Lymphocytes and myeloid cells are major mediators of tissue damage, delivering cytokines to tissues that promote the inflammatory cascade. Many proinflammatory cytokines are key players in neuroinflammation mediated by infiltrating leukocytes.
Inflammatory Cytokines | Description |
IL-23 | IL-23 is a heterologous cytokine composed of a p19 subunit unique to IL-23 and a p40 subunit shared with IL-12. Blockade of IL-23 improves experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). |
IL-6 | Neuroinflammation is common in the postmortem brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). In hippocampal neurons, both amyloid-β (Aβ) and IL-6 can induce synaptic dysfunction. |
IL-1β | IL-1β is a member of the IL-1 family and is the earliest discovered interleukin. It exerts a pro-inflammatory response through IL-1R1 signaling. IL-1β is closely associated with the process of acute neuroinflammation in vivo. |
IFNγ | IFNγ is thought to play a role in brain function only under pathological conditions such as central nervous system infections, inflammatory diseases, trauma and stroke. |
TNF-α | NFκB is one of the most important transcription factors that activates the transcription of many pro-inflammatory genes. TNF-α induces NFκB activation, which makes TNF-α a key cytokine basis for neuroinflammation. |
Creative Biolabs has a long and successful track record as a focused neuroinflammation antibody supplier. Please contact us to learn more about our antibody products for neurological diseases.
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