Voltage Indicators

Modulation of membrane potential is essential for many physiological functions, including nerve impulse propagation, muscle contraction, and cell-to-cell communication. Because voltage indicators can detect subthreshold neural signals that calcium sensors miss, they are extremely helpful in understanding brain circuitry and information processing. Research tools for studying intracellular voltage include genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs) and chemical genetic sensors. The voltage sensing component and the fluorescent output are the two primary parts of these tools. Voltage indicators from Creative Biolabs can be directed toward particular cell types or the plasma membrane to monitor membrane potential.

Our highlighted voltage-indicating AAV tools are based on the Voltron design, which is perfect for in vivo imaging since it uses rhodopsin as the voltage-sensing component and a self-labeling domain that can bind Janelia Fluor (JF).

Voltage Indicators
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Types of Voltage Indicators

Type	Description
Voltage Sensitive Domain (VSD) GEVIs	VSD GEVIs, the first voltage sensors with genetic components, are made up of a single fluorescent protein (FP) fused to a VSD. In vitro, VSD indicators show sensitive voltage sensitivity at the level of individual neurons. VSD indicators must be optimized for in vivo applications in order to produce the same effect as single cells.
Rhodopsin GEVIs	There are two main types of rhodopsin GEVIs: two-in-one systems and FP fusion rhodopsins. In the two-in-one system, the rhodopsin serves as both a voltage detector and a fluorescent signal, and the system can have a dynamic response time from signal input to readable output that often exceeds that of VSD GEVIs. FP-fusion rhodopsins have comparable kinetics to their single-component counterparts, higher brightness, and red-shifted fluorophores.
FRET Chemigenetic Sensors	These types of sensors all contain a FRET pair, a genetic component, and a small molecule component. Our Voltron-based voltage indicator is ideal for in vivo imaging since JF can cross the blood-brain barrier and many colors of JF can be exchanged in the system.
Single Fluor Chemigenetic Sensors	Chemogens in Single Fluor Chemigenetic Sensors may produce vast amounts of pure chemicals and signals while maintaining membrane integrity. Using this system's genetically encoded components to label, cage, uncage, and collect chemifluorescers can bring significant advantages to your experiment.

For the personalization of your AAV, Creative Biolabs provides a range of alternatives. Strict quality control is applied to all customizing services to guarantee the quality of the virus particles that are obtained each time. Please don't hesitate to get in touch with us if you would like more information about any product.

For Research Use Only. Not For Clinical Use.

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