Molecular and Cell Biology of Neurosciences

Recently, some substantial progress has been developed for the nervous system; however, understanding the principles and mechanisms underlying brain and nervous system function remains incomplete. Neuroscience is among the most rapidly expanding of biological disciplines proposes to tackle these enduring challenges. A major goal of neuroscience research is to provide society with basic information about nervous system function, which is critical for developing treatments for neurological and behavioral disorders. Neuroscience is inherently interdisciplinary and involved in many fields to find a way to explain the brain at multiple levels, from molecular to cellular systems. Molecular and cell biology are the newest and fastest-growing subdisciplines in neurosciences. The molecular and cell biology of neuroscience covers everything from genetics, cell biology, molecular biology to crystallography, etc. Researchers in these fields will find crucial insights into normal brain development and function.

Molecular Biology of Neurosciences

Different cells and parts communicate with each other in the brain via synapses, neurons, and glia for the overall information-processing machine. Understanding this machine will require a molecular approach, i.e., understanding the molecular rules determining neurons firing patterns and synaptic properties-their molecular logic. Molecular neuroscience could examine the biology of the nervous system with many strategies such as molecular biology, molecular genetics, protein chemistry, and related methodologies. Molecular neuroscientists focus on studying gene and genetics questions, emphasizing the neural basis of learning and behavior. These questions are under levels ranging from single neurons and synapses to behaving animals.

Cell Biology of Neurosciences

Cell biology research of neuroscience encompasses many areas of cell biology, developmental biology, and neurobiology, emphasizing fundamental cell signaling and communication problems. The most focus areas could be molecular mechanisms of neuronal signaling and synaptic plasticity, biomolecular recognition, and cell communication. In addition, it covers much research, including but not limited to:

1. Molecular and cellular level developmental neuroscience.
2. Neurophysiology of perception and cognition.
3. Biophysics.
4. Genetic analysis of neural circuits.

Fig.1 Illustration of neuronal shape and spines. (Südhof, 2017)

Molecular Neuroscience and Cell Biology Research

Neuroscientists use a variety of technologies ranging from genetics and cell biology to help understand how information in the brain is represented and changes over time to support complex behaviors. These include various aspects of the nervous system research, including but not limited to:

• Gene Expression and Regulation in Nervous System
• Intracellular Signalling Cascades in Nervous System
• Intracellular Transport and Cytoskeleton of Neurons
• Intracellular Regulation of Energy and Ions in Glia and Neurons
• Secretion and Vesicle Re-cycling
• Neurotoxins

These basic neuroscience research applications uncover the basic mechanisms of molecular and cellular function, considering their potential clinical implications for the treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases. For example, some genes and proteins that are broadly expressed have been described to link with neuropsychiatric diseases, suggesting that they function in a small subset of circuits and function for many signaling pathways. Studying these circuits is helpful to find the way for the novel therapeutic strategies of neuropsychiatric diseases in the future.
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Reference

1. Südhof, T. C. Molecular neuroscience in the 21st century: a personal perspective. Neuron. 2017, 96(3), 536-541.