Meningitis Related Research Tools

Meningitis is a disease resulting from the inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. A bacterial or viral infection of the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord usually causes the swelling. Injuries, cancer, or certain drugs can also cause meningitis. In almost all cases, meningitis is identified by an abnormal number of white blood cells in the cerebrospinal fluid and specific clinical signs/symptoms. Onset may be acute or chronic, and clinical symptoms of the acute disease develop over hours to days. It is important to know the specific cause of meningitis because the treatment differs depending on the causes.

Bacterial meningitis is very serious and can be deadly. Death can occur in as short as a few hours. Most people can recover from bacterial meningitis. However, permanent disabilities such as brain damage, hearing loss, and learning disabilities can result from the infection.
Viral meningitis, the most common type of meningitis, is often less severe than bacterial meningitis. Most people get better on their own without any treatment.
Fungal meningitis is relatively rare. It can develop after a fungus spreads in the body to the brain or spinal cord.
Various parasites can also cause meningitis or affect the brain or nervous system in other ways. Parasitic meningitis is much less common than viral and bacterial meningitis.

Recent studies have identified several determinants for bacterial translocation of the blood-brain barrier using several host inflammatory markers associated with neuronal injury in animal models of induced bacterial meningitis. These markers provide important targets for the research of bacterial meningitis, including but not limited to the following: cytokines such as IL-1β and TNFα, chemokines, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), TNF-αconverting enzyme (TACE), excitatory amino acids, peroxynitrite, arachidonic acid metabolites, proinflammatory neuropeptides, caspases, bacterial opacity (Opa) proteins, bacterial outer membrane proteins (OMPs), bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), etc.

Fig.1 Summary of novel therapeutic targets in bacterial meningitis. (Iovino, 2019)

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Summary of Popular Targets in Meningitis

Interleukin-8 (IL-8)	Interleukin-10 (IL-10)	Interleukin-34 (IL-34)	Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)
Matrix metalloproteases 9 (MMP-9)	Macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2)	Macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-1α)	Palmitoylethanomide (PEA)
Opacity (Opa) protein	Outer membrane protein (OMP)	Antimicrobials	Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
TNF-α converting enzyme	Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)	Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)

Reference

Iovino, F.; et al. The role of microglia in bacterial meningitis: inflammatory response, experimental models and new neuroprotective therapeutic strategies. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2019, 10: 576.

For Research Use Only. Not For Clinical Use.

Target

Ubiquitin (linkage-specific K27)

GFAP

ENPP2

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

CD271

CTNNB1

MA2

GLUD2

AKT1

CPLX1

VANGL2

Calcyon

NrCAM

FABP3

RAPGEF5

DARPP32

Vimentin

SHANK2

MEF2C

Thrombospondin 1

IL-6

Myelin Basic Protein

SOD2

NPDC1

EYA4

APP

Gemin 3

GLP1

Tomosyn

ABAT

PRNP

HOMER3

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Host Species:: Rabbit

Species Reactivity:: Human

Applications:: IHC-P

Conjugation:: Unconjugated; APC; PE; HRP; Biotin; FITC; Alexa Fluor 488; Alexa Fluor 700; Alexa Fluor 647; Alexa Fluor 750; Alexa Fluor 594; Alexa Fluor 350; Alexa Fluor 3549

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Meningitis Related Research Tools

Summary of Popular Targets in Meningitis

Target

The Spectrum of Stem Cell-Based Neuronal Models and Their Fit for Purpose