Calcium Channels and SNARE Proteins
Presynaptic Ca2+ entry occurs through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs) which are opened by membrane depolarization, induced by action potential (AP). Ca2+ influx triggers neurotransmitter release from synaptic vesicles at the active zone of the presynaptic terminal. Soluble N-ethyl-maleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNAREs) complex and Ca2+ channels involve vesicles fusion and neurotransmitter releases and their interaction and regulation have been at the forefront of neuroscience research.
Diversity of Ca2+ Channels in Neurons System
A variety of calcium channel types are expressed in neurons, displaying different biological structures and distribution, as well as serving a multitude of physiological roles. The diversity of channels corroborates its different physiological functions. Voltage-gated calcium channels can be broadly classified into high and low-voltage-activated channels (HVA and LVA, respectively) based on their voltage range of activation. According to the unique electrophysiological and pharmacological properties, they are also classified into N-, P/Q-, R-, L- and T-type. N-, P/Q-, R- and L-type is termed as HVA channel, while T-type is LVA channel.
Fig.1 Ca2+ channel structure.1
SNARE Proteins
SNARE proteins are a large protein family consisting of more than 60 members in mammalian cells that are critical for membrane fusion and exocytosis of neurotransmitters from the cell. Based on their functions, SNARE proteins can be classified into vesicle-SNAREs (v-SNAREs), which are associated with the vesicles and target-SNAREs (t-SNAREs), which are associated with the presynaptic plasma membrane. Synaptobrevin (vesicle-associated membrane protein family [VAMP]), syntaxin, and SNAP proteins (SNAP-25) are three main types of SNARE proteins discovered in early biochemical studies. In exocytosis/neurosecretion, SNAREs play a critical role in vesicle docking, priming, fusion and synchronization of neurotransmitter release.
Interaction of Ca2+ Channel and SNARE Proteins Complex
Ca2+ entry through Ca2+ channel triggers vesicle fusion by the assembly of the SNARE proteins complex (syntaxin-1, SNAP-25, and VAMP). Vesicle fusion is a highly ordered process, including the following steps: 1) synaptic vesicle recruiting to active zone; 2) synaptic vesicle docking at the presynaptic membrane and with SNAREs complex conformation; 3) priming of synaptic vesicle on the presynaptic membrane; and 4) fusion pore to open and with neurotransmitter release.
Fig.2 Molecular model of a synaptic vesicle fusion machinery.1
Ca2+ channels regulate the open/close of Ca2+ channels through direct binding and indirect activation of active zone proteins and SNAREs proteins. They play essential roles in the release of neurotransmitters. To better understand the structure, function and regulation of Ca2+ channels and SNAREs proteins, Creative Biolabs has developed a full line of high-quality neuroscience products, including but not limited to antibodies, proteins, cell lines, as well as customized development services. If you are interested in our services and products, please do not hesitate to contact us for more detailed information.
Reference
- He, R.; et al. New insights into interactions of presynaptic Calcium Channel subtypes and SNARE proteins in neurotransmitter release. Frontiers in molecular neuroscience. 2018, 11: 213. Distributed under Open Access license CC BY 4.0, without modification.
- iNeuMab™ Rabbit Anti-LRRK2 Monoclonal Antibody (CBP1887) (Cat#: NAB-08-PZ735)
- iNeuMab™ Anti-Tau Antibody (NRP-0422-P2275) (Cat#: NRP-0422-P2275)
- iNeuMab™ Anti-EPHB2 Antibody (NRP-0422-P1220) (Cat#: NRP-0422-P1220)
- iNeuMab™ Anti-Amyloid Beta 1-15 Antibody (NRP-0422-P867) (Cat#: NRP-0422-P867)
- iNeuMab™ Anti-pTau Antibody (NRP-0422-P1719) (Cat#: NRP-0422-P1719)
- iNeuMab™ Anti-ApoC3 BBB Shuttle Antibody (NRZP-1022-ZP3505) (Cat#: NRZP-1022-ZP3505)
- iNeuMab™ Anti-Alpha Synuclein BBB Shuttle Antibody (NRZP-1022-ZP4050) (Cat#: NRZP-1022-ZP4050)
- iNeuMab™ Anti-Tau Antibody (NRP-0422-P1760) (Cat#: NRP-0422-P1760)
- iNeuMab™ Anti-GARP Antibody (NRP-0422-P1639) (Cat#: NRP-0422-P1639)
- iNeuMab™ Anti-SEZ6 Antibody (NRP-0422-P515) (Cat#: NRP-0422-P515)
- Rat Immortalized Retinal Muller Cell Line rMC-1 (Cat#: NCL-2106-S93)
- Immortalized Human Cerebral Microvascular Endothelial Cells (Cat#: NCL-2108-P020)
- Rat Muller Cell (Cat#: NCL2110P040)
- Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells (Cat#: NCL2110P145)
- Mouse Midbrain Dopaminergic Neuron Cell MN9D (Cat#: NCL2110P059)
- Human Retinal Epithelial Cell ARPE-19 (Cat#: NCL2110P069)
- Human Astrocytes (Cat#: NCC20-9PZ01)
- Green Fluorescent Alpha-synuclein Cell Line (Cat#: NCL2110P209)
- Mouse Glioma Cell Line GL-261-Luc (Cat#: NCL-2108P06)
- Mouse Glioma Cell Line GL261 (Cat#: NCL-2108P28)
- Human Poly ADP ribose polymerase,PARP Assay Kit (Cat#: NRZP-1122-ZP62)
- Beta Amyloid (1-40), Aggregation Kit (Cat#: NRZP-0323-ZP199)
- Amyloid beta 1-42 Kit (Cat#: NRP-0322-P2170)
- Human Tau Aggregation Kit (Cat#: NRP-0322-P2173)
- Alpha-Synuclein Aggregation Assay Kit (Cat#: NRZP-1122-ZP37)
- Beta Amyloid (1-42), Aggregation Kit (Cat#: NRZP-0323-ZP200)
- Alpha Synuclein Aggregation Kit (Cat#: NRZP-1122-ZP15)
- Human GFAP ELISA Kit [Colorimetric] (Cat#: NPP2011ZP383)
- AAV2 Full Capsids, Reference Standards (Cat#: NTC2101070CR)
- VSV-eGFP (Cat#: NTA-2011-ZP20)
- Dextran, NHS Activated (Cat#: NRZP-0722-ZP124)
- ABCA1 Antisense Oligonucleotide (NV-2106-P27) (Cat#: NV-2106-P27)
- Tau Antisense Oligonucleotide (IONIS-MAPTRx) (Cat#: NV-2106-P29)
- Human apolipoprotein E (APOE) (NM_000041) ORF clone, Untagged (Cat#: NEP-0421-R0232)
- App Rat amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein (App)(NM_019288) ORF clone, Untagged (Cat#: NEP-0421-R0053)
- Human superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (SOD1) (NM_000454) ORF clone, TurboGFP Tagged (Cat#: NEP-0521-R0748)
- Mouse SOD1 shRNA Silencing Adenovirus (Cat#: NV-2106-P14)
- Mouse Parkinson disease (autosomal recessive, early onset) 7 (Park7) (NM_020569) clone, Untagged (Cat#: NEP-0621-R0133)
- Lenti of Mouse synuclein, alpha (Snca) transcript variant (NM_001042451) ORF clone, mGFP Tagged (Cat#: NEP-0521-R0864)
- Human huntingtin (HTT) (NM_002111) ORF clone, Myc-DDK Tagged (Cat#: NEP-0521-R0497)
- Rat Parkinson disease (autosomal recessive, juvenile) 2, parkin (Park2) (NM_020093) ORF clone/lentiviral particle, Myc-DDK Tagged (Cat#: NEP-0621-R0041)
- NeuroBiologics™ Monkey Cerebrospinal Fluid (Cat#: NRZP-0822-ZP495)
- NeuroBiologics™ Pig Cerebrospinal Fluid (Cat#: NRZP-0822-ZP498)
- NeuroBiologics™ Mouse Cerebrospinal Fluid (Cat#: NRZP-0822-ZP497)
- NeuroBiologics™ Rat Cerebrospinal Fluid (Cat#: NRZP-0822-ZP496)
- NeuroBiologics™ Human Cerebrospinal Fluid (Cat#: NRZP-0822-ZP491)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-TNFR BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP510)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-SGSH BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP505)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-PON1 BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP507)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-idursulfase BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP497)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-TNFR BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP501)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-IDUA BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP502)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-GDNF BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP500)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-ASA BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP504)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-Erythropoietin BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP499)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-EPO BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP508)