Neuron Classification
Neurons could be classified into four different types: unipolar, bipolar, multipolar, and pseudounipolar neurons. These four neurons could transmit signals through many specific structures, including dendrites, axons, and synapses.
- Types of Neurotransmitters
The communication of neurons with others is through junctions, also known as synapses. At a synapse, one neuron sends a message to a target neuron. Many synapses communicate using chemical messengers. In some electrical synapses, ions flow between cells directly. Presynaptic nerve endings generally contain many rather spherical so-called synaptic vesicles containing a special substance: the synaptic transmitter. There are many different kinds of neurotransmitters, and new ones are still being discovered. As shown in table 1, some of the most well-known conventional neurotransmitters are listed. More recently, several classes of neurotransmitters have been identified that do not follow all of the usual rules. These are considered “unconventional” or “nontraditional” neurotransmitters. There are two unconventional transmitters classes: the endocannabinoids and the gasotransmitters (soluble gases such as nitric oxide, NO, and carbon monoxide, CO). These molecules are stored in synaptic vesicles, cross the cell membrane, act directly on molecules inside the cell, and carry messages to the presynaptic neuron.
Table.1 Conventional neurotransmitter and the receptor types.
Neurotransmitter | Ligand-activated ion channel receptor(s) | Metabotropic receptor(s) |
Amino acids | ||
GABA | Yes (inhibitory) | Yes |
Glutamate | Yes (inhibitory) | Yes |
Glycine | Yes (inhibitory) | |
Biogenic amines | ||
Dopamine | Yes | |
Norepinephrine | Yes | |
Epinephrine | Yes | |
Serotonin | Yes (inhibitory) | Yes |
Histamine | Yes | |
Purinergic | ||
Adenosine | Yes | |
ATP | Yes (inhibitory) | Yes |
Acetylcholine | Yes (inhibitory) | Yes |
Neuropeptides (many) | Yes |
High-Throughput Classification Methods
Classification of neurons facilitates genetic access for functional studies and analyses of development, evolution, and disease. Neurons have various molecular, morphological, and functional properties. Dendritic and axonal shapes and branching patterns have been the most informative of the morphological properties of neurons; however, features such as soma size and spine density are also used. The physiological properties of neurons include the resting potential, biophysical properties, and firing rate. Of the many molecular properties that can be considered, the most useful are protein composition (generally assayed immunohistochemically) and mRNA composition (measured by in situ hybridization and, increasingly, RNA sequencing).
Creative Biolabs provides a full line of high-quality products such as antibodies, proteins, cell lines, cell culture tools, and modulators. We also offer customized services that cover every aspect of the neuroscience field for your tailored needs in the neuroscience research field. Please do not hesitate to contact us or reach us by e-mail or phone with your particular needs.
- iNeuMab™ Anti-Tau Antibody (NRP-0422-P2275) (Cat#: NRP-0422-P2275)
- iNeuMab™ Anti-SEZ6 Antibody (NRP-0422-P515) (Cat#: NRP-0422-P515)
- iNeuMab™ Anti-TREM2 Antibody (NRP-0422-P792) (Cat#: NRP-0422-P792)
- iNeuMab™ Mouse Anti-EFNB2 Monoclonal Antibody (CBP1159) (Cat#: NAB-0720-Z4396)
- iNeuMab™ Anti-pTau Antibody (NRP-0422-P1719) (Cat#: NRP-0422-P1719)
- iNeuMab™ Mouse Anti-LRP1 Monoclonal Antibody (CBP3363) (Cat#: NAB-0720-Z6479)
- iNeuMab™ Anti-TREM2 BBB Shuttle Antibody (NRZP-1022-ZP4114) (Cat#: NRZP-1022-ZP4114)
- iNeuMab™ Anti-ApoC3 BBB Shuttle Antibody (NRZP-1022-ZP3505) (Cat#: NRZP-1022-ZP3505)
- iNeuMab™ Anti-Amyloid Beta 1-15 Antibody (NRP-0422-P867) (Cat#: NRP-0422-P867)
- iNeuMab™ Anti-Integrin αvβ8 BBB Shuttle Antibody (NRZP-1222-ZP1218) (Cat#: NRZP-1222-ZP1218)
- Green Fluorescent Alpha-synuclein Cell Line (Cat#: NCL2110P209)
- iNeu™ Human Motor Neurons (Cat#: NCL-2103-P71)
- Human Brain Vascular Adventitial Fibroblasts (Cat#: NCL-21P6-014)
- Mouse Glioma Cell Line GL261 (Cat#: NCL-2108P28)
- Immortalized Human Cerebral Microvascular Endothelial Cells (Cat#: NCL-2108-P020)
- Human Astrocytes (Cat#: NCC20-9PZ01)
- Rat Retinal Muller Cell Line, Immortalized (Cat#: NCL-21P6-192)
- Rat Glioma Cell Line C6 (Cat#: NCL2110P346)
- Mouse Glioma Cell Line GL-261-Luc (Cat#: NCL-2108P06)
- iNeu™ Human Schwann Cell (Cat#: NCL-2103-P63)
- Human Poly ADP ribose polymerase,PARP Assay Kit (Cat#: NRZP-1122-ZP62)
- Amyloid beta 1-42 Kit (Cat#: NRP-0322-P2170)
- Beta Amyloid (1-40), Aggregation Kit (Cat#: NRZP-0323-ZP199)
- Human GFAP ELISA Kit [Colorimetric] (Cat#: NPP2011ZP383)
- Alpha Synuclein Aggregation Kit (Cat#: NRZP-1122-ZP15)
- Beta Amyloid (1-42), Aggregation Kit (Cat#: NRZP-0323-ZP200)
- Human Tau Aggregation Kit (Cat#: NRP-0322-P2173)
- Alpha-Synuclein Aggregation Assay Kit (Cat#: NRZP-1122-ZP37)
- Dextran, NHS Activated (Cat#: NRZP-0722-ZP124)
- AAV2 Full Capsids, Reference Standards (Cat#: NTC2101070CR)
- VSV-eGFP (Cat#: NTA-2011-ZP20)
- Lenti of Mouse synuclein, alpha (Snca) transcript variant (NM_001042451) ORF clone, mGFP Tagged (Cat#: NEP-0521-R0864)
- Human apolipoprotein E (APOE) (NM_000041) ORF clone, Untagged (Cat#: NEP-0421-R0232)
- Mouse SOD1 shRNA Silencing Adenovirus (Cat#: NV-2106-P14)
- Human presenilin 1 (PSEN1), transcript variant 2 (NM_007318) ORF clone, TurboGFP Tagged (Cat#: NEP-0421-R0140)
- App Rat amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein (App)(NM_019288) ORF clone, Untagged (Cat#: NEP-0421-R0053)
- Rat Parkinson disease (autosomal recessive, juvenile) 2, parkin (Park2) (NM_020093) ORF clone/lentiviral particle, Myc-DDK Tagged (Cat#: NEP-0621-R0041)
- Human huntingtin (HTT) (NM_002111) ORF clone, Myc-DDK Tagged (Cat#: NEP-0521-R0497)
- Lenti of Human TAR DNA binding protein (TARDBP) (NM_007375) ORF clone, mGFP Tagged (Cat#: NEP-0521-R0832)
- Human huntingtin-associated protein 1 (HAP1) transcript variant 2 (NM_177977) ORF clone, Myc-DDK Tagged (Cat#: NEP-0521-R0676)
- ABCA1 Antisense Oligonucleotide (NV-2106-P27) (Cat#: NV-2106-P27)
- NeuroBiologics™ Human Cerebrospinal Fluid (Cat#: NRZP-0822-ZP491)
- NeuroBiologics™ Pig Cerebrospinal Fluid (Cat#: NRZP-0822-ZP498)
- NeuroBiologics™ Mouse Cerebrospinal Fluid (Cat#: NRZP-0822-ZP497)
- NeuroBiologics™ Rat Cerebrospinal Fluid (Cat#: NRZP-0822-ZP496)
- NeuroBiologics™ Monkey Cerebrospinal Fluid (Cat#: NRZP-0822-ZP495)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-GDNF BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP500)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-PON1 BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP507)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-EPO BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP508)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-NAGLU BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP506)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-IDUA BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP498)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-IDS BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP503)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-ASA BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP504)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-Erythropoietin BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP499)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-idursulfase BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP497)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-IDUA BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP502)