Protein Folding in Neurons
Introduction of Peroxisomes
The shape determines the function of the protein, and the amino acid sequence contains the essential information about protein folding. As a vital cellular process, the protein folding always occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum. In the complex cellular environment contain proteins, nucleotides, lipids, sugars, and organelles, proteins can easily misfold and aggregate. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a sensitive system to prevent the cellular stress caused by the problems of protein folding. However, severe stress can also overwhelm the UPR and result in abnormal cellular function. For example, the prion is an abnormally folded protein that can change the other proteins’ shape in its path and finally damaging brains in this process. It has also been reported that other major degenerative neurological diseases, such as Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, are associated with protein folding.
Levels of Protein Folding
For most proteins, there are only one or two correct shapes and almost countless different ways of misfolding. In fact, the protein must have very exact structures for specific molecules’ interaction and chemical reactions.
- Primary Structure- The sequence of amino acids derived from the DNA sequence.
- Secondary Structure- Partial folding of amino acids to form local substructures, including α Helix and β Sheets.
- Tertiary Structure- The completed three-dimensional structure.
- Quaternary Structure- Large proteins composed of multiple pieces with a larger structure.
Molecular Chaperones-Mediated Protein Folding
To avoid the inappropriate interactions between polypeptides, a class of proteins named molecular chaperones has evolved to promote the refolding of the misfolded protein and further enhance the efficiency of de novo protein folding. In fact, the molecular chaperones are almost heat shock proteins (HSPs) to degrade unfold proteins according to interaction with components of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and lysosome-mediated autophagy.
In neurons, the protein folding mediated by molecular chaperones plays a key role in brain functions and neurodegenerative diseases. The studies have shown that molecular chaperones are promising targets for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. However, upregulation of molecular chaperones might result in undesirable side effects, such as cancer.
Creative Biolabs is one of the well-recognized experts who are professional in neurosciences research, now we provide a series of services and products for our clients all over the world. If you are interested in our services and products, please do not hesitate to contact us for more detailed information.
- Mouse Anti-SCN5A Monoclonal Antibody (CBP708) (Cat#: NAB-0720-Z2720)
- iNeuMab™ Rabbit Anti-LRRK2 Monoclonal Antibody (CBP1887) (Cat#: NAB-08-PZ735)
- iNeuMab™ Rabbit Anti-Alpha-synuclein (CBP1631) (Cat#: NAB-08-PZ079)
- iNeuMab™ Mouse Anti-SHANK3 Monoclonal Antibody (CBP929) (Cat#: NAB-0720-Z3477)
- iNeuMab™ Mouse Anti-EFNB2 Monoclonal Antibody (CBP1159) (Cat#: NAB-0720-Z4396)
- iNeuMab™ Mouse Anti-LRP1 Monoclonal Antibody (CBP3363) (Cat#: NAB-0720-Z6479)
- iNeuMab™ Anti-F-Spondin/SPON1 Antibody, Clone 3F4 (Cat#: NRZP-0822-ZP4740)
- Mouse Anti-Human α-Synuclein Phospho (Tyr39) (CBP3706) (Cat#: NAB201250LS)
- Mouse Microglia from C57BL/6 (Cat#: NCL-21P6-082)
- Mouse Glioma Cell Line GL261-GFP (Cat#: NCL-2108P04)
- Rat Olfactory Ensheathing Cells (Cat#: NRZP-1122-ZP162)
- Rat Retinal Muller Cell Line, Immortalized (Cat#: NCL-21P6-192)
- Human Blood Brain Barrier Model (Cat#: NCL-2103-P187)
- Immortalized Human Cerebral Microvascular Endothelial Cells (Cat#: NCL-2108-P020)
- Rat Immortalized Retinal Muller Cell Line rMC-1 (Cat#: NCL-2106-S93)
- Mouse Microglia Cell Line BV-2, Immortalized (Cat#: NCL2110P153)
- Human Astrocytes, Immortalized (Cat#: NCL-2105-P182-AM)
- Green Fluorescent Tau cell Line (Cat#: NCL2110P219)
- Beta Amyloid (1-40), Aggregation Kit (Cat#: NRZP-0323-ZP199)
- Alpha-Synuclein Aggregation Assay Kit (Cat#: NRZP-1122-ZP37)
- Human Tau Aggregation Kit (Cat#: NRP-0322-P2173)
- Human GFAP ELISA Kit [Colorimetric] (Cat#: NPP2011ZP383)
- Beta Amyloid (1-42), Aggregation Kit (Cat#: NRZP-0323-ZP200)
- Amyloid beta 1-42 Kit (Cat#: NRP-0322-P2170)
- Human Poly ADP ribose polymerase,PARP Assay Kit (Cat#: NRZP-1122-ZP62)
- Alpha Synuclein Aggregation Kit (Cat#: NRZP-1122-ZP15)
- VSV-eGFP (Cat#: NTA-2011-ZP20)
- AAV2 Full Capsids, Reference Standards (Cat#: NTC2101070CR)
- Dextran, NHS Activated (Cat#: NRZP-0722-ZP124)
- Human presenilin 1 (PSEN1), transcript variant 2 (NM_007318) ORF clone, TurboGFP Tagged (Cat#: NEP-0421-R0140)
- Mouse Parkinson disease (autosomal recessive, early onset) 7 (Park7) (NM_020569) clone, Untagged (Cat#: NEP-0621-R0133)
- ABCA1 Antisense Oligonucleotide (NV-2106-P27) (Cat#: NV-2106-P27)
- Tau Antisense Oligonucleotide (IONIS-MAPTRx) (Cat#: NV-2106-P29)
- Lenti of Mouse synuclein, alpha (Snca) transcript variant (NM_001042451) ORF clone, mGFP Tagged (Cat#: NEP-0521-R0864)
- Human superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (SOD1) (NM_000454) ORF clone, TurboGFP Tagged (Cat#: NEP-0521-R0748)
- Human huntingtin-associated protein 1 (HAP1) transcript variant 2 (NM_177977) ORF clone, Myc-DDK Tagged (Cat#: NEP-0521-R0676)
- Human apolipoprotein E (APOE) (NM_000041) ORF clone, Untagged (Cat#: NEP-0421-R0232)
- Lenti of Human TAR DNA binding protein (TARDBP) (NM_007375) ORF clone, mGFP Tagged (Cat#: NEP-0521-R0832)
- App Rat amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein (App)(NM_019288) ORF clone, Untagged (Cat#: NEP-0421-R0053)
- NeuroBiologics™ Human Cerebrospinal Fluid (Cat#: NRZP-0822-ZP491)
- NeuroBiologics™ Mouse Cerebrospinal Fluid (Cat#: NRZP-0822-ZP497)
- NeuroBiologics™ Rat Cerebrospinal Fluid (Cat#: NRZP-0822-ZP496)
- NeuroBiologics™ Monkey Cerebrospinal Fluid (Cat#: NRZP-0822-ZP495)
- NeuroBiologics™ Pig Cerebrospinal Fluid (Cat#: NRZP-0822-ZP498)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-IDUA BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP502)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-ASA BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP504)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-EPO BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP508)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-PON1 BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP507)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-SGSH BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP505)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-GDNF BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP509)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-idursulfase BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP497)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-TNFR BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP501)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-IDS BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP503)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-NAGLU BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP506)