Microglia Identification Methods

Microglia are immune macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS). Their static functions include shaping neural circuits by promoting neuron growth and differentiation and synaptic pruning. Recently, genetic research has determined that many genes that are highly expressed in microglia are related to the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), prefrontal dementia or myoma sclerosis. Therefore, the study of microglia has potential value for the understanding and treatment of neurological diseases.
Microglia Activation
When neurons were damaged or pathogenic stimuli, microglia were activated and become the first-line defenders of the CNS. Proliferation, migration, and a series of morphological and functional transformations were signs of microglia activation. In the early stages of the disease, microglia activation was beneficial due to increased viability and phage activity, promoting the clearance of pathological protein polymers and promoting tissue recovery. However, in the later stages of neurodegeneration, the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the production of oxides caused by chronic microglial activation were harmful to neuronal function and survival. These two opposing microglial phenotypes are traditionally classified as classic (M1/pro-inflammatory) or alternative (M2/tissue repair) activation phenotypes.
Fig.2 Schematic diagram of the polarization of microglia in CNS. (Cao, 2013)
Microglial activation was mainly studied by examining morphological changes and measuring limited activation markers. It is usually identified by specific antibodies against microglia and imaged by positron emission tomography (PET) and fluorescence microscopy. Recently, genome-wide gene expression analysis has been used to describe the molecular changes of microglia isolated from animal models of neurodegenerative diseases.
- Specific antibody immune cell staining method
- Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
- Hortega silver carbonate method
- Penfield Tungsten Ammonia Silver Dyeing Method
- RNA sequencing (RNA-sqe)
- TSPO (transfer protein) ligand method
Application of Microglia Identification in Neurological Diseases
In degenerative neurological diseases (such as AD), longitudinal genome-wide gene expression analysis was performed on the microglia of rTg4510 mice, and it was found that microglia promoted the activation of proliferation and immune pathways by generating more than 4000 gene expression changes, such as NF-κB signaling, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, lysosome, oxidative phosphorylation, and phage pathways. These gene expression changes highly overlap with human co-expression modules, providing insights into the molecular changes behind tau-mediated microglial activation in neurodegenerative diseases.
The field of neuroscience has increasingly realized that regulating nerve inflammation is beneficial to the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Microglia is a key role in the neuritis response, leading to interest in in-depth studies of this specific cell type. Therefore, it is necessary to comprehensively study the molecular changes of different cell types and bioinformatics tools to further deepen the understanding of neurodegenerative diseases and provide opportunities for new treatment targets and biomarker identification.
Creative Biolabs has advanced technology has advanced technology and a complete laboratory platform. We can provide you with professional analysis and strategies in the fields of neuroscience and molecular biology. Please feel free to contact us if you are interested or have any questions.
Reference
- Cao, L.; He, C. Polarization of macrophages and microglia in inflammatory demyelination. Neuroscience bulletin. 2013, 29(2): 189-198.
- iNeuMab™ Anti-CD20 Antibody (NRP-0422-P1230) (Cat#: NRP-0422-P1230)
- iNeuMab™ Rabbit Anti-LRRK2 Monoclonal Antibody (CBP1887) (Cat#: NAB-08-PZ735)
- iNeuMab™ Anti-TNFα BBB Shuttle Antibody (NRZP-1022-ZP4105) (Cat#: NRZP-1022-ZP4105)
- iNeuMab™ Anti-Amyloid Beta 1-15 Antibody (NRP-0422-P867) (Cat#: NRP-0422-P867)
- iNeuMab™ Anti-EPHB2 Antibody (NRP-0422-P1220) (Cat#: NRP-0422-P1220)
- iNeuMab™ Rabbit Anti-Alpha-synuclein (CBP1631) (Cat#: NAB-08-PZ079)
- iNeuMab™ Anti-Tau Antibody (NRP-0422-P2293) (Cat#: NRP-0422-P2293)
- iNeuMab™ Anti-Tau Antibody (NRP-0422-P1684) (Cat#: NRP-0422-P1684)
- iNeuMab™ Anti-pTau Antibody (NRP-0422-P1719) (Cat#: NRP-0422-P1719)
- iNeuMab™ Anti-CD32b Antibody (NRP-0422-P1803) (Cat#: NRP-0422-P1803)
- Mouse Midbrain Dopaminergic Neuron Cell MN9D (Cat#: NCL2110P059)
- Human Astrocytes, Immortalized (Cat#: NCL-2105-P182-AM)
- Human Astrocytes (Cat#: NCC20-9PZ01)
- Mouse Glioma Cell Line GL261 (Cat#: NCL-2108P28)
- Immortalized Human Cerebral Microvascular Endothelial Cells (Cat#: NCL-2108-P020)
- Mouse Microglia N9 (Cat#: NCL2110P073)
- Green Fluorescent BACE1 Cell Lines (Cat#: NCL2110P214)
- Human Microglia Cell Line HMC3, Immortalized (Cat#: NCL-2108P38)
- iNeu™ Human Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells (OPCs) (Cat#: NCL-2103-P49)
- Rat Glioma Cell Line C6 (Cat#: NCL2110P346)
- Beta Amyloid (1-40), Aggregation Kit (Cat#: NRZP-0323-ZP199)
- Human Tau Aggregation Kit (Cat#: NRP-0322-P2173)
- Beta Amyloid (1-42), Aggregation Kit (Cat#: NRZP-0323-ZP200)
- Alpha-Synuclein Aggregation Assay Kit (Cat#: NRZP-1122-ZP37)
- Alpha Synuclein Aggregation Kit (Cat#: NRZP-1122-ZP15)
- Human GFAP ELISA Kit [Colorimetric] (Cat#: NPP2011ZP383)
- Amyloid beta 1-42 Kit (Cat#: NRP-0322-P2170)
- Human Poly ADP ribose polymerase,PARP Assay Kit (Cat#: NRZP-1122-ZP62)
- AAV2/9-hEF1a-fDIO-eNpHR 3.0-mCherry-WPRE-pA (Cat#: NTA-2012-ZP78)
- AAV2 Full Capsids, Reference Standards (Cat#: NTC2101070CR)
- Dextran, NHS Activated (Cat#: NRZP-0722-ZP124)
- VSV-eGFP (Cat#: NTA-2011-ZP20)
- Rat Parkinson disease (autosomal recessive, juvenile) 2, parkin (Park2) (NM_020093) ORF clone/lentiviral particle, Myc-DDK Tagged (Cat#: NEP-0621-R0041)
- App Rat amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein (App)(NM_019288) ORF clone, Untagged (Cat#: NEP-0421-R0053)
- Lenti of Human TAR DNA binding protein (TARDBP) (NM_007375) ORF clone, mGFP Tagged (Cat#: NEP-0521-R0832)
- Mouse SOD1 shRNA Silencing Adenovirus (Cat#: NV-2106-P14)
- Mouse Parkinson disease (autosomal recessive, early onset) 7 (Park7) (NM_020569) clone, Untagged (Cat#: NEP-0621-R0133)
- Human superoxide dismutase 3, extracellular (SOD3) (NM_003102) ORF clone, Untagged (Cat#: NEP-0521-R0808)
- Tau Antisense Oligonucleotide (IONIS-MAPTRx) (Cat#: NV-2106-P29)
- Human superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (SOD1) (NM_000454) ORF clone, TurboGFP Tagged (Cat#: NEP-0521-R0748)
- Lenti of Mouse synuclein, alpha (Snca) transcript variant (NM_001042451) ORF clone, mGFP Tagged (Cat#: NEP-0521-R0864)
- Human presenilin 1 (PSEN1), transcript variant 2 (NM_007318) ORF clone, TurboGFP Tagged (Cat#: NEP-0421-R0140)
- NeuroBiologics™ Mouse Cerebrospinal Fluid (Cat#: NRZP-0822-ZP497)
- NeuroBiologics™ Monkey Cerebrospinal Fluid (Cat#: NRZP-0822-ZP495)
- NeuroBiologics™ Rat Cerebrospinal Fluid (Cat#: NRZP-0822-ZP496)
- NeuroBiologics™ Human Cerebrospinal Fluid (Cat#: NRZP-0822-ZP491)
- NeuroBiologics™ Pig Cerebrospinal Fluid (Cat#: NRZP-0822-ZP498)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-IDUA BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP502)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-IDUA BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP498)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-EPO BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP508)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-PON1 BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP507)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-NAGLU BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP506)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-SGSH BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP505)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-idursulfase BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP497)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-ASA BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP504)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-Erythropoietin BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP499)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-IDS BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP503)