Meningitis Related Research Tools
Meningitis is a disease resulting from the inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. A bacterial or viral infection of the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord usually causes the swelling. Injuries, cancer, or certain drugs can also cause meningitis. In almost all cases, meningitis is identified by an abnormal number of white blood cells in the cerebrospinal fluid and specific clinical signs/symptoms. Onset may be acute or chronic, and clinical symptoms of the acute disease develop over hours to days. It is important to know the specific cause of meningitis because the treatment differs depending on the causes.
- Bacterial meningitis is very serious and can be deadly. Death can occur in as short as a few hours. Most people can recover from bacterial meningitis. However, permanent disabilities such as brain damage, hearing loss, and learning disabilities can result from the infection.
- Viral meningitis, the most common type of meningitis, is often less severe than bacterial meningitis. Most people get better on their own without any treatment.
- Fungal meningitis is relatively rare. It can develop after a fungus spreads in the body to the brain or spinal cord.
- Various parasites can also cause meningitis or affect the brain or nervous system in other ways. Parasitic meningitis is much less common than viral and bacterial meningitis.
Recent studies have identified several determinants for bacterial translocation of the blood-brain barrier using several host inflammatory markers associated with neuronal injury in animal models of induced bacterial meningitis. These markers provide important targets for the research of bacterial meningitis, including but not limited to the following: cytokines such as IL-1β and TNFα, chemokines, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), TNF-αconverting enzyme (TACE), excitatory amino acids, peroxynitrite, arachidonic acid metabolites, proinflammatory neuropeptides, caspases, bacterial opacity (Opa) proteins, bacterial outer membrane proteins (OMPs), bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), etc.
Fig.1 Summary of novel therapeutic targets in bacterial meningitis. (Iovino, 2019)
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Summary of Popular Targets in Meningitis
Interleukin-8 (IL-8) | Interleukin-10 (IL-10) | Interleukin-34 (IL-34) | Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) |
Matrix metalloproteases 9 (MMP-9) | Macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2) | Macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-1α) | Palmitoylethanomide (PEA) |
Opacity (Opa) protein | Outer membrane protein (OMP) | Antimicrobials | Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) |
TNF-α converting enzyme | Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) | Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) |
Reference
- Iovino, F.; et al. The role of microglia in bacterial meningitis: inflammatory response, experimental models and new neuroprotective therapeutic strategies. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2019, 10: 576.
Target
Mouse Monoclonal [6F11] to AKT1
- Host Species:
- Mouse
- Species Reactivity:
- Human; Mouse; Rat
- Applications:
- IF; WB
- Conjugation:
- Unconjugated; APC; PE; HRP; Biotin; FITC; Alexa Fluor 488; Alexa Fluor 700; Alexa Fluor 647; Alexa Fluor 750; Alexa Fluor 594; Alexa Fluor 350; Alexa Fluor 1364
- Mouse Anti-SCN5A Monoclonal Antibody (CBP708) (Cat#: NAB-0720-Z2720)
- NeuroMab™ Anti-EPHB2 Antibody(NRP-0422-P1220) (Cat#: NRP-0422-P1220)
- NeuroMab™ Anti-Tau Antibody(NRP-0422-P2293) (Cat#: NRP-0422-P2293)
- NeuroMab™ Anti-Tau Antibody(NRP-0422-P2275) (Cat#: NRP-0422-P2275)
- NeuroMab™ Mouse Anti-EFNB2 Monoclonal Antibody (CBP1159) (Cat#: NAB-0720-Z4396)
- NeuroMab™ Mouse Anti-LRP1 Monoclonal Antibody (CBP3363) (Cat#: NAB-0720-Z6479)
- NeuroMab™ Rabbit Anti-Alpha-synuclein (CBP1631) (Cat#: NAB-08-PZ079)
- NeuroMab™ Anti-Amyloid Beta 1-15 Antibody(NRP-0422-P867) (Cat#: NRP-0422-P867)
- NeuroMab™ Rabbit Anti-LRRK2 Monoclonal Antibody (CBP1887) (Cat#: NAB-08-PZ735)
- NeuroMab™ Anti-pTau Antibody(NRP-0422-P1719) (Cat#: NRP-0422-P1719)
- Human Blood Brain Barrier Model (Cat#: NCL-2103-P187)
- Human Microglia Cell Line HMC3, Immortalized (Cat#: NCL-2108P38)
- Mouse Midbrain Dopaminergic Neuron Cell MN9D (Cat#: NCL2110P059)
- Human Glioblastoma Cell Line SF126 (Cat#: NCL-2108P35)
- iNeu™ Human Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells (OPCs) (Cat#: NCL-2103-P49)
- Human Brain Vascular Pericytes (Cat#: NCL-21P6-015)
- Sf295 Human Glioblastoma Cells (Cat#: NCL-2108P180)
- Human Astrocytes (Cat#: NCC20-9PZ01)
- Rat Immortalized Retinal Muller Cell Line rMC-1 (Cat#: NCL-2106-S93)
- C57 Brain Cortex Neurons [Mouse] (Cat#: NCC20-9PZ48)
- Alpha Synuclein Aggregation Kit (Cat#: NRZP-1122-ZP15)
- Human GFAP ELISA Kit [Colorimetric] (Cat#: NPP2011ZP383)
- Amyloid beta 1-42 Kit (Cat#: NRP-0322-P2170)
- Human Tau Aggregation Kit (Cat#: NRP-0322-P2173)
- Beta Amyloid (1-42), Aggregation Kit (Cat#: NRZP-0323-ZP200)
- Beta Amyloid (1-40), Aggregation Kit, TTF Assay (Cat#: NRZP-0323-ZP199)
- Human Poly ADP ribose polymerase,PARP Assay Kit (Cat#: NRZP-1122-ZP62)
- Alpha-Synuclein Aggregation Assay Kit (Cat#: NRZP-1122-ZP37)
- AAV-mDLX-CRE-tdTomato (Cat#: NRZP-0622-ZP721)
- AAV2/9-hEF1a-fDIO-eNpHR 3.0-mCherry-WPRE-pA (Cat#: NTA-2012-ZP78)
- pAAV-syn-FLEX-jGCaMP8f-WPRE (Cat#: NTA-2106-P064)
- rAAV-E-SARE-Cre-ERT2-PEST-WPRE-hGH polyA (Cat#: NTA-2010-TT342)
- pAAV-syn-FLEX-jGCaMP8m-WPRE (Cat#: NTA-2106-P065)
- pAAV-hSyn-DIO-XCaMP-R-WPRE (Cat#: NTA-2012AD-P508)
- pAAV-syn-jGCaMP8s-WPRE (Cat#: NTA-2106-P063)
- Dextran-CYanine5.5 (Cat#: NTA-2011-ZP118)
- PRV-CAG-EGFP (Cat#: NTA-2011-ZP14)
- AAV2/2Retro-CAG-DIO-EGFP-2A-TetTox-pA [Neural Tracing] (Cat#: NTA-2012-ZP303)
- Lenti of Human TAR DNA binding protein (TARDBP) (NM_007375) ORF clone, mGFP Tagged (Cat#: NEP-0521-R0832)
- Rat Parkinson disease (autosomal recessive, juvenile) 2, parkin (Park2) (NM_020093) ORF clone/lentiviral particle, Myc-DDK Tagged (Cat#: NEP-0621-R0041)
- Human presenilin 1 (PSEN1), transcript variant 2 (NM_007318) ORF clone, TurboGFP Tagged (Cat#: NEP-0421-R0140)
- App Rat amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein (App)(NM_019288) ORF clone, Untagged (Cat#: NEP-0421-R0053)
- Mouse SOD1 shRNA Silencing Adenovirus (Cat#: NV-2106-P14)
- ABCA1 Antisense Oligonucleotide (NV-2106-P27) (Cat#: NV-2106-P27)
- Human apolipoprotein E (APOE) (NM_000041) ORF clone, Untagged (Cat#: NEP-0421-R0232)
- Human huntingtin (HTT) (NM_002111) ORF clone, Myc-DDK Tagged (Cat#: NEP-0521-R0497)
- Human superoxide dismutase 3, extracellular (SOD3) (NM_003102) ORF clone, Untagged (Cat#: NEP-0521-R0808)
- Human huntingtin-associated protein 1 (HAP1) transcript variant 2 (NM_177977) ORF clone, Myc-DDK Tagged (Cat#: NEP-0521-R0676)
- NeuroBiologics™ Monkey Cerebrospinal Fluid (Cat#: NRZP-0822-ZP495)
- NeuroBiologics™ Pig Cerebrospinal Fluid (Cat#: NRZP-0822-ZP498)
- NeuroBiologics™ Rat Cerebrospinal Fluid (Cat#: NRZP-0822-ZP496)
- NeuroBiologics™ Human Cerebrospinal Fluid (Cat#: NRZP-0822-ZP491)
- NeuroBiologics™ Mouse Cerebrospinal Fluid (Cat#: NRZP-0822-ZP497)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-NAGLU BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP506)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-IDS BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP503)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-ASA BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP504)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-SGSH BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP505)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-TNFR BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP501)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-idursulfase BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP497)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-IDUA BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP498)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-PON1 BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP507)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-GDNF BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP509)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-GDNF BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP500)