Peroxisomes in Neurons
Introduction to Peroxisomes
Peroxisomes refer to single membrane-bound organelles found in multiple cell types, except mature red blood cells. Its diameter ranges from 0.1 to 1 mm. Due to the lack of DNA in peroxisomes, most peroxisome membranes and matrix proteins are synthesized on free polysomes in the cytoplasm and then transported to the organelles after translation. There are two classes of matrix targeting signals for special proteins import, including peroxisomal targeting signal 1 (PTS1) and peroxisomal targeting signal 2 (PTS2). The marked plasticity makes them move in a motor protein-dependent manner in mammals, plants, and fungi. In humans, they are mainly found in the brain, heart, kidney, and liver. Peroxisomes contain almost 50 different proteins in mammals for a series of anabolic and catabolic reactions. However, the shape, number, and enzymatic content are different between tissues and organisms and even upon changes in the environment.
Functions of Peroxisomes in Neurons
Peroxisomes contain a variety of enzymatic activities which are important for mammalian physiology. The major functions include lipid peroxidation and β-oxidation of very long-chain fatty acids. In the central nervous system (CNS), peroxisomes can synthesize ether phospholipids in neurons and glial, as well as lipids that makeup myelin and cell membranes. The division and maintenance of peroxisomes are regulated with the endoplasmic reticulum and mature on the substrate and membrane.
In recent years, some studies have shown that the absence of a single enzyme, transporter functions, or all peroxisome functions would lead to aberrant brain development, loss of axonal integrity, neuroinflammation, and even severe neurological deficits. These diseases are also called peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBD) with symptoms of rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (RCDP) type 1and Zellweger spectrum disorders. What’s more, the potential role in brain degeneration has been served to be involved in cell senescence and the development of Alzheimer's disease.
In conclusion, peroxisomes play important roles in the maintenance of the CNS, the further research may focus on the treatment of neurological diseases and maintenance of cell homeostasis.
Creative Biolabs is one of the well-recognized experts who are professional in neurosciences research, now we provide a series of services and products for our clients all over the world. If you are interested in our services and products, please do not hesitate to contact us for more detailed information.
- iNeuMab™ Mouse Anti-LRP1 Monoclonal Antibody (CBP3363) (Cat#: NAB-0720-Z6479)
- iNeuMab™ Anti-F-Spondin/SPON1 Antibody, Clone 3F4 (Cat#: NRZP-0822-ZP4740)
- iNeuMab™ Rabbit Anti-LRRK2 Monoclonal Antibody (CBP1887) (Cat#: NAB-08-PZ735)
- Mouse Anti-SCN5A Monoclonal Antibody (CBP708) (Cat#: NAB-0720-Z2720)
- iNeuMab™ Mouse Anti-SHANK3 Monoclonal Antibody (CBP929) (Cat#: NAB-0720-Z3477)
- iNeuMab™ Rabbit Anti-Alpha-synuclein (CBP1631) (Cat#: NAB-08-PZ079)
- iNeuMab™ Mouse Anti-EFNB2 Monoclonal Antibody (CBP1159) (Cat#: NAB-0720-Z4396)
- Mouse Anti-Human α-Synuclein Phospho (Tyr39) (CBP3706) (Cat#: NAB201250LS)
- Human Microglia Cell Line HMC3, Immortalized (Cat#: NCL-2108P38)
- Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells (Cat#: NCL-2103-P133)
- Mouse Microglia from C57BL/6 (Cat#: NCL-21P6-082)
- Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cell Line RGC-5 (Cat#: NCL2110P154)
- Rat Immortalized Retinal Muller Cell Line rMC-1 (Cat#: NCL-2106-S93)
- Human Blood Brain Barrier Model (Cat#: NCL-2103-P187)
- Mouse Microglia Cell Line BV-2, Immortalized (Cat#: NCL2110P153)
- Green Fluorescent Alpha-synuclein Cell Line (Cat#: NCL2110P209)
- Mouse Midbrain Dopaminergic Neuron Cell MN9D (Cat#: NCL2110P059)
- Rat Schwann Cells RSC96, Immortalized (Cat#: NCL-2108P21)
- Alpha-Synuclein Aggregation Assay Kit (Cat#: NRZP-1122-ZP37)
- Alpha Synuclein Aggregation Kit (Cat#: NRZP-1122-ZP15)
- Human Tau Aggregation Kit (Cat#: NRP-0322-P2173)
- Amyloid beta 1-42 Kit (Cat#: NRP-0322-P2170)
- Beta Amyloid (1-40), Aggregation Kit (Cat#: NRZP-0323-ZP199)
- Human Poly ADP ribose polymerase,PARP Assay Kit (Cat#: NRZP-1122-ZP62)
- Human GFAP ELISA Kit [Colorimetric] (Cat#: NPP2011ZP383)
- Beta Amyloid (1-42), Aggregation Kit (Cat#: NRZP-0323-ZP200)
- AAV2 Full Capsids, Reference Standards (Cat#: NTC2101070CR)
- VSV-eGFP (Cat#: NTA-2011-ZP20)
- Dextran, NHS Activated (Cat#: NRZP-0722-ZP124)
- Human superoxide dismutase 3, extracellular (SOD3) (NM_003102) ORF clone, Untagged (Cat#: NEP-0521-R0808)
- ABCA1 Antisense Oligonucleotide (NV-2106-P27) (Cat#: NV-2106-P27)
- Tau Antisense Oligonucleotide (IONIS-MAPTRx) (Cat#: NV-2106-P29)
- Human huntingtin (HTT) (NM_002111) ORF clone, Myc-DDK Tagged (Cat#: NEP-0521-R0497)
- Lenti of Mouse synuclein, alpha (Snca) transcript variant (NM_001042451) ORF clone, mGFP Tagged (Cat#: NEP-0521-R0864)
- Human presenilin 1 (PSEN1), transcript variant 2 (NM_007318) ORF clone, TurboGFP Tagged (Cat#: NEP-0421-R0140)
- App Rat amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein (App)(NM_019288) ORF clone, Untagged (Cat#: NEP-0421-R0053)
- Human superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (SOD1) (NM_000454) ORF clone, TurboGFP Tagged (Cat#: NEP-0521-R0748)
- Human huntingtin-associated protein 1 (HAP1) transcript variant 2 (NM_177977) ORF clone, Myc-DDK Tagged (Cat#: NEP-0521-R0676)
- Human apolipoprotein E (APOE) (NM_000041) ORF clone, Untagged (Cat#: NEP-0421-R0232)
- NeuroBiologics™ Rat Cerebrospinal Fluid (Cat#: NRZP-0822-ZP496)
- NeuroBiologics™ Mouse Cerebrospinal Fluid (Cat#: NRZP-0822-ZP497)
- NeuroBiologics™ Pig Cerebrospinal Fluid (Cat#: NRZP-0822-ZP498)
- NeuroBiologics™ Human Cerebrospinal Fluid (Cat#: NRZP-0822-ZP491)
- NeuroBiologics™ Monkey Cerebrospinal Fluid (Cat#: NRZP-0822-ZP495)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-PON1 BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP507)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-NAGLU BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP506)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-GDNF BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP500)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-IDS BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP503)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-idursulfase BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP497)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-Erythropoietin BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP499)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-ASA BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP504)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-EPO BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP508)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-IDUA BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP498)
- NeuroPro™ Anti-TNFR BBB Shuttle Protein (Cat#: NRZP-0423-ZP510)